tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-46028029744026414602024-03-08T14:37:46.840-08:00betonTatang Kukuh Wibawahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13085633472349032453noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4602802974402641460.post-64456641876132734382008-08-22T09:15:00.000-07:002008-08-22T10:00:24.055-07:00<p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><span style="">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Ferrosemen<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Ferrosemen adalah suatu bahan gabungan yang diperoleh dengan cara memberikan suatu tulangan yang berupa anyaman kawat baja sebagai pemberi kekuatan tarik dan daktilitas pada mortar semen.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><span style="">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Beton Serat <i style="">(Fibre Concrete)</i><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Beton serat <i style="">(Fibre Concrete) </i>adalah bahan komposit yang terdiri dari beton biasa dan bahan lain yang berupa serat. Serat dalam beton ini berfungsi mencegah retak-retak sehingga menjadikan beton lebih daktail daripada beton biasa.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><span style="">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Beton Non Pasir <i style="">(No-Fines Concrete)<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Beton non pasir <i style="">(No-Fines Concrete) </i>adalah bentuk sederhana dari jenis beton ringan yang diperoleh dengan cara menghilangkan bagian halus agregat pada pembuatan beton. </span><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Tidak adanya agregat halus dalam campuran menghasilkan suatu sistem berupa keseragaman rongga yang terdistribusi di dalam massa beton, serta berkurangnya berat jenis beton. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><span style="">d.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Beton Siklop<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Beton siklop adalah beton normal / beton biasa, yang menggunakan ukuran agregat yang relatif besar. Ukuran agregat kasar mencapai 20 cm,<span style=""> </span>namun proporsi agregat yang lebih besar ini sebaiknya tidak lebih dari 20 persen agregat seluruhnya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><span style="">e.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Beton Hampa<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Beton hampa adalah beton yang setelah diaduk dan dituang serta dipadatkan sebagaimana beton biasa, air sisa reaksi disedot dengan cara khusus, disebut cara vakum (<i>vacuum method</i>). Air yang tertinggal hanya air yang dipakai untuk reaksi dengan semen sehingga beton yang diperoleh sangat kuat.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><span style="">f.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Beton Mortar<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Beton Mortar adalah adukan yang terdiri dari pasir, bahan perekat, dan air. Mortar dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga macam, yaitu : mortar lumpur, mortar kapur, dan mortar semen. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">1.1.3<span style=""> </span>Sifat – Sifat Beton<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">1.1.3.1 Beton Segar<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Hal-hal penting yang berkaitan dengan sifat-sifat beton segar, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">1. Kemudahan pengerjaan (<i style="">workability</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI">Sifat ini merupakan ukuran dari tingkat kemudahan adukan untuk diaduk, diangkut, dituang dan dipadatkan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Unsur-unsur yang mempengaruhi sifat kemudahan pengerjaan beton segar:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Jumlah air yang dipakai dalam campuran adukan beton. Makin banyak air yang dipakai makin mudah beton segar dikerjakan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Penambahan semen kedalam campuran karena pasti diikuti dengan bertambahnya air campuran untuk memperoleh nilai fas tetap.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI"><span style="">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI">Gradasi campuran pasir dan kerikil.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">d.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Pemakaian butir maksimum kerikil yang dipakai.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><span style="">e.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Pemakaian butir-butir batuan yang bulat.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI"><span style="">f.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI">Cara pemadatan adukan beton menentukan sifat pengerjaan yang berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">2. Pemisahan kerikil.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Kecenderungan butir-butir kerikil untuk memisahkan diri dari campuran adukan beton disebut <i style="">segregation.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Kecenderungan pemisahan kerikil ini diperbesar dengan:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI"><span style="">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI">Campuran yang kurus (kurang semen).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><span style="">b.</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Terlalu banyak air.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><span style="">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Semakin besar butir kerikil.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><span style="">d.</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Semakin kasar permukaan kerikil.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Pemisahan kerikil dari adukan beton berakibat kurang baik terhadap betonnya setelah mengeras. Untuk mengurangi kecenderungan pemisahan kerikil tersebut maka diusahakan hal-hal sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Air yang diberikan sesedikit mungkin<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Adukan beton jangan dijatuhkan dengan ketinggian terlalu besar.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI"><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI">Cara pengangkutan, penuangan maupun pemadatan harus mengikuti cara- cara yang betul.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">3. Pemisahan air<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Kecenderungan air campuran untuk naik ke atas (memisahkan diri) pada beton segar yang baru saja dipadatkan disebut <i style="">bleeding.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Pemisahan air dapat dikurangi dengan cara-cara berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><span style="">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Memberi lebih banyak semen.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><span style="">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Menggunakan air sesedikit mungkin.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><span style="">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Menggunakan pasir lebih banyak.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">1.1.3.2 <span style="">Beton Keras<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI">Sifat mekanis beton keras diklasifikasikan:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Sifat jangka pendek atau sesaat, yang terdiri dari:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><span style="">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Kekuatan tekan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI">Kuat tekan beton dipengaruhi oleh: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Perbandingan air–semen dan tingkat pemadatannya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Jenis semen dan kualitasnya (mempengaruhi kekuatan rata-rata dan kuat batas beton).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Jenis dan lekak-lekuk bidang permukaan agregat.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Umur (pada keadaan normal kekuatan bertambah sesuai dengan umurnya)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Suhu (kecepatan pengerasan beton bertambah dengan bertambahnya suhu).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Efisiensi dan perawatan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">b. <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Kekuatan tarik<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Kekuatan tarik beton berkisar seper-delapan belas kuat desak beton pada waktu murnya masih muda dan berkisar seper-duapuluh sesudahnya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Biasanya tidak diperhitungkan di dalam perencanaan bangunan beton.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Kuat tarik merupakan bagian penting di dalam menahan retak-retak akibat perubahan kadar air dan suhu.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">c. <span style=""> </span>Kekuatan geser<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Di dalam praktek, geser dalam beton selalu diikuti oleh desak dan tarik oleh lenturan dan bahkan di dalam pengujian tidak mungkin menghilangkan elemen lentur.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">2.<span style=""> </span>Sifat jangka panjang, yang terdiri dari:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI">a.<span style=""> </span>Rangkak <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Rangkak adalah penambahan terhadap waktu akibat beton yang bekerja.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi rangkak adalah: kekuatan (rangkak dikurangi bila kenaikan kekuatan semakin besar), perbandingan campuran (bila fas dan volume pasta semen berkurang maka rangkak berkurang), semen, agregat (rangkak bertambah bila agregat makin halus), perawatan, umur (kecepatan rangkak berkurang sejalan dengan umur beton). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">b.<span style=""> </span>Susut<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Susut adalah berkurangnya volume elemen beton jika terjadi kehilangan uap air karena penguapan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi besarnya susut adalah: agregat (sebagai penahan susut pasta semen), faktor air semen (semakin besar fas semakin besar pula efek susut), ukuran elemen beton (kelajuan dan besarnya susut akan berkurang bila volume elemen betonnya semakin besar), kondisi lingkungan, banyaknya penulangan, bahan tambahan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">1.1.4<span style=""> </span>Kelebihan dan Kekurangan Beton<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">1.1.4.1 Kelebihan Beton<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Kelebihan beton dibanding dengan bahan bangunan lain adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Harga relatif murah karena menggunakan bahan-bahan dasar dari bahan lokal<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Beton termasuk bahan aus dan tahan terhadap kebakaran, sehingga biaya perawatan termasuk rendah<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI"><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI">Beton termasuk bahan yang berkekuatan tekan tinggi, serta mempunyai sifat tahan terhadap pengkaratan/pembusukan oleh kondisi alam.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Ukuran lebih kecil jika dibanding dengan pasangan batu<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Beton segar dapat dengan mudah diangkut maupun dicetak dalam bentuk apapun dan ukuran seberapapun tergantung keinginan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><span style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Kekurangan beton<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Kekurangan beton dibanding dengan bahan bangunan lain adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">1. <span style=""> </span>Beton mempunyai kuat tarik yang rendah sehingga mudah retak, oleh karena itu diperlukan baja tulangan untuk menahannya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Beton segar mengerut saat pengeringan dan beton keras mengembang jika basah sehingga dilatasi (construction joint) perlu diadakan pada beton yang berdimensi besar untuk memberi tempat bagi susut pengerasan dan pengembangan beton.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Beton dapat mengembang dan menyusut bila terjadi perubahan suhu, sehingga perlu dibuat dilatasi untuk mencegah terjadinya retak-retak akibat perubahan suhu.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Beton sulit untuk kedap air secara sempurna, sehingga selalu dapat dimasuki air, dan air yang membawa garam dapat merusak beton.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Beton bersifat getas sehingga harus dihitung dan didetail secara seksama agar setelah dikombinasikan dengan baja tulangan menjadi bersifat daktail.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">1.1.5 Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kuat tekan beton<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI">Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kuat tekan beton adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI"><span style="">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI">Pengaruh cuaca berupa pengembangan dan penyusutan yang diakibatkan oleh pergantian panas dan dingin.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI"><span style="">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI">Daya perusak kimiawi, seperti air laut (garam), asam sulfat, alkali, limbah, dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI"><span style="">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI">Daya tahan terhadap aus (abrasi) yang disebabkan ole gesekan orang berjalan kaki, lalu lintas, gerakan ombak, dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI">1.1.6 Zat-zat yang dapat mengurangi kekuatan tekan beton.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI">Bahan-bahan yang keberadaannya mungkin memberikan<span style=""> </span>pengaruh<span style=""> </span>yang<span style=""> </span>merugikan terhadap kekuatan, kemudahan pekerjaan, dan kenampaan jangka panjang disebut zat pengganggu. Bahan-bahan ini dianggap tidak diperlukan sebagai bahan tambah karena lemah, lunak, atau sifat fisik dan sifat kimiawi yang merusak sifat-sifat beton.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI">Ditinjau dari aksinya, zat-zat yang berpengaruh buruk tersebut pada beton dibedakan menjadi 3 macam yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Zat yang mengganggu proses hidrasi semen<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Zat yang melapisi agregat sehingga mengganggu terbentuknya lekatan yang baik <span style=""> </span>antara agregat dan pasta semen.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Butiran-butiran yang kurang tahan cuaca, yang bersifat lemah dan menimbulkan reaksi kimia antara agregat dan pastanya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Zat-zat pengganggu ini dapat berupa kendungan organik, lempung, atau bahan-bahan halus lainnya, misalnya silt atau debu pecahan batu, garam, shale lempung, kayu, arang, pyrites, (tanah tambang yang mengandung belerang), dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Berikut ini berbagai macam zat yang dapat mengurangi kuat tekan beton dan kadar konsentrasinya dalam campuran seperti yang tercantum dalam tabel berikut ini.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Tabel 1.1<span style=""> </span>Zat-zat yang dapat mengurangi kekutan beton<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt;" align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 201.25pt;" width="268"> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Kandungan unsur kimiawi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 201.05pt;" width="268"> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Konsentrasi maksimum ppm<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 84.25pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 201.25pt; height: 84.25pt;" valign="top" width="268"> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Clorida, Cl :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">beton pratekan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">beton bertulangan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Sulfat, SO<sub>4</sub><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Alkali, Na<sub>2</sub>O + 0,658 K<sub>2</sub>O)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Total solids<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 201.05pt; height: 84.25pt;" valign="top" width="268"> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">500 ppm<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">1000 ppm<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">1000 ppm<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">600 ppm<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">50000 ppm<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Sumber : bahan kuliah tekton <o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">1.1.7</span></b><span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><span style=""> </span><b style="">Evaluasi Pekerjaan Beton</b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Kekuatan beton yang diproduksi dilapangan mempunyai kecenderungan untuk bervariasi dari adukan ke adukan. </span><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI">Besarnya variasi itu tergantung pada berbagai faktor antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 22.7pt; text-indent: -22.7pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI">a.<span style=""> </span>Variasi mutu bahan dari satu adukan ke adukan berikutnya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 22.7pt; text-indent: -22.7pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI">b.<span style=""> </span>Variasi cara pengadukan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 22.7pt; text-indent: -22.7pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI">c.<span style=""> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Stabilitas pekerja<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Pengawasan terhadap mutu beton yang dibuat di lapangan dilakukan dengan cara membuat diagram hasil uji kuat tekan beton dari benda-benda uji yang diambil selama pelaksanaan. Dalam buku “Perencanaan Campuran dan Pengendalian Mutu Beton” (1994) tercantum bahwa beton yang dibuat dinyatakan memenuhi syarat (mutunya tercapai) jika kedua persyaratan berikut terpenuhi :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Nilai rata-rata dari semua pasangan hasil uji (yang masing-masing pasangan terdiri dari empat hasil uji kuat tekan) tidak kurang dari (fc’ + 0,82 Sc)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Tidak satupun dari hasil uji tekan (rata-rata dari dua silinder) kurang dari 0,85 fc’.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Jika salah satu dari dua persyaratan tersebut diatas tidak terpenuhi, maka untuk adukan berikutnya harus diambil langkah-langkah untuk meningkatkan kuat tekan rata-rata betonnya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Khusus jika persyaratan kedua yang tidak terpenuhi maka selain memperbaiki adukan beton berikutnya harus pula diambil langkah-langkah untuk memastikakn bahwa daya dukung struktur beton yang sudah dibuat masih tidak membahayakan terhadap beban yang akan ditahan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Langkah-langkah itu antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Analisis ulang struktur berdasarkan kuat tekan beton sesungguhnya <i style="">(actual)</i><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><span style="">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Uji yang merusak <i style="">(non-destructive test), </i>misalnya dengan <i style="">Schmidt Rebound Hammer (hamer test), Pull-out test, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test,</i> atau <i style="">Semi destructive test, </i>yaitu uji bor inti, dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <h4 style="text-align: left; line-height: 200%;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.2.<span style=""> </span>Semen <o:p></o:p></span></h4> <h4 style="text-align: left;" align="left"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.2.1. Pengertian semen<o:p></o:p></span></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Semen adalah suatu jenis bahan yang memiliki sifat adhesif dan kohesif<span style=""> </span>yang memungkinkan melekatnya fragmen-fragmen mineral menjadi satu <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">massa</st1:City></st1:place> yang padat. <span style="" lang="SV">Meskipun definisi ini dapat diterapkan untuk banyak jenis bahan, semen yang dimaksudkan untuk konstruksi beton adalah bahan jadi dan mengeras dengan adanya air yang dinamakan semen hidraulis. Hidraulis berarti semen bereaksi dengan air dan membentuk suatu bahan massa.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="FI">1.2.2. Sifat-Sifat Semen<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="FI">1.2.2.1 Susunan Kimia Semen<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV">Bahan dasar penyusun semen terdiri dari bahan-bahan yang terutama mengandung kapur, silika dan oksida besi, maka bahan-bahan itu menjadi unsur-unsur pokok semennya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Tabel 1.2 Susunan Unsur semen biasa</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 207pt;" valign="top" width="276"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: center;" align="center">Oksida</p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 207pt;" valign="top" width="276"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: center;" align="center">Persen (%)</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 207pt;" valign="top" width="276"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="FI">Kapur (CaO)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="FI">Silika (SiO<sub>2</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="FI">Alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Besi (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Magnesia (MgO)</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Sulfur (SO<sub>3</sub>)</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Potash (Na<sub>2</sub>O + K<sub>2</sub>O)</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 207pt;" valign="top" width="276"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: center;" align="center">60 – 65</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: center;" align="center">17 – 25</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: center;" align="center">3 – 8</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: center;" align="center">0,5 – 6</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: center;" align="center">0,5 – 4</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: center;" align="center">1 – 2</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: center;" align="center">0,5 – 1</p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <br /><br /> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV">Komposisi kimia semen portland pada umumnya terdiri dari CaO, SiO<sub>2, </sub>Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> dan Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3,</sub> yang merupakan oksida dominan. Sedangkan oksida lain yang jumlahnya hanya beberapa persen dari berat semen adalah MgO, SO<sub>3</sub>, Na<sub>2</sub>O dan K<sub>2</sub>O. Keempat oksida utam tersebut diatas didalam semen berupa senyawa C<sub>3</sub>S, C<sub>2</sub>S, C<sub>3</sub>A dan C<sub>4</sub>AF, dengan mempunyai perbandingan tertentu pada setiap produk semen, tergantung pada komposisi bahan bakunya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Tabel 1.3 Senyawa utama semen <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">portland</st1:City></st1:place></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="552"> <tbody><tr style="height: 35.1pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 35.1pt;" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Nama senyawa</p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt; height: 35.1pt;" width="120"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Rumus empiris</p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108pt; height: 35.1pt;" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Rumus oksida</p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt; height: 35.1pt;" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Notasi pendek</p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45pt; height: 35.1pt;" width="60"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Rata-rata (%)</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoBodyText3" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="color: windowtext;">Tricalsium silikat<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i>Dicalsium silikat<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i>Tricalsium aluminat<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i>Tetracalcium<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i>aluminoferrit<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i>Calsium sulfat dihidrat<o:p></o:p></i></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Ca<sub>3</sub>SiO<sub>5<o:p></o:p></sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Ca<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4<o:p></o:p></sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Ca<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Ca<sub>2</sub>AlFeO<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108pt;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">3CaO.SiO<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">2CaO.SiO<sub>2</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">3CaO.Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">4CaO.Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">CaSO<sub>4</sub>.2H<sub>2</sub>O</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -12.5pt; text-align: center;" align="center">C<sub>3</sub>S</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -12.5pt; text-align: center;" align="center">C<sub>2</sub>S</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -12.5pt; text-align: center;" align="center">C<sub>3</sub>A</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -12.5pt; text-align: center;" align="center">C<sub>4</sub>AF</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -12.5pt 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -12.5pt; text-align: center;" align="center">CSH<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">50</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">25</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">12</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">8</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">3,5</p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV">Sumber : Teknologi Beton</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="IN">; </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV">Kardiyono Tjokrodimulyoo. 1994</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 150%;" align="right"><i style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="SV">1.2.2.2 Hidrasi semen <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV">Bila<span style=""> </span>semen<span style=""> </span>bersentuhan<span style=""> </span>dengan air,<span style=""> </span>maka<span style=""> </span>proses<span style=""> </span>hidrasi berlangsung<span style=""> </span>dalam<span style=""> </span>arah keluar dan arah ke dalam, maksudnya hasil hidrasi mengendap di bagian luar dan inti semen yang belum terhidrasi dibagian dalam secara bertahap akan terhidrasi, sehingga volume mengecil.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme hidrasi <i>silicate</i> (C<sub>3</sub>S dan C<sub>2</sub>S)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1030" style="'position:absolute;z-index:251657728'" from="117pt,9.05pt" to="171pt,9.05pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 251657728; margin-left: 155px; margin-top: 6px; width: 75px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ACER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1030" height="12" width="75" /></span><!--[endif]-->2(3CaO.SiO<sub>2</sub>) + 6 H<sub>2</sub>O <span style=""> </span>3CaO.SiO<sub>2</sub>.3 H<sub>2</sub>O + 3Ca(OH)<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1031" style="'position:absolute;z-index:251658752'" from="117pt,6.35pt" to="171pt,6.35pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 251658752; margin-left: 155px; margin-top: 2px; width: 75px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ACER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1031" height="12" width="75" /></span><!--[endif]-->2(2CaO.SiO<sub>2</sub>) + 4 H<sub>2</sub>O <span style=""> </span>3CaO.SiO<sub>2</sub>.3 H<sub>2</sub>O + Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme hidrasi Aluminat (C<sub>3</sub>A)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Adanya gipsum di dalam semen menyebabkan reaksi <i>calsium aluminat</i> menghasilkan <i>calsium sulfo aluminat hidrat.</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1032" style="'position:absolute;z-index:251659776'" from="188.25pt,7.1pt" to="215.25pt,7.1pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 251659776; margin-left: 250px; margin-top: 3px; width: 39px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ACER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1032" height="12" width="39" /></span><!--[endif]-->3CaO.Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + CaSO<sub>4</sub>.2H<sub>2</sub>O + 10 H<sub>2</sub>O<span style=""> </span>3CaO.Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.CaSO<sub>4 </sub>+ 12 H<sub>2</sub>O</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""> </span>(<i>gypsum</i>)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:polyline id="_x0000_s1033" style="'position:absolute;z-index:251660800;" points="172.35pt,7.55pt,210pt,7.75pt" coordsize="753,4" filled="f"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> <v:path arrowok="t"> </v:polyline><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 251660800; margin-left: 229px; margin-top: 4px; width: 53px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ACER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1033" height="12" width="53" /></span><!--[endif]-->3CaO.Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3 </sub>+ Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> + 12 H<sub>2</sub>O<span style=""> </span>3CaO.Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>.12 H<sub>2</sub>O</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="FI">Mekanisme hidrasi tetracalsium aluminoferrit (C<sub>4</sub>AF)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1034" style="'position:absolute;z-index:251661824'" from="205.5pt,6.3pt" to="232.5pt,6.3pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 251661824; margin-left: 273px; margin-top: 2px; width: 39px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ACER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1034" height="12" width="39" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style=""><span style=""> </span><span lang="FI">4CaO.Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3.</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 2Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> + 10H<sub>2</sub>O<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>64CaO.Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3.</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.12 H<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="FI">(<i>tetracalsium aluminoferrat</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="SV">1.2.2.3 Kekuatan semen dan f.a.s<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="FI">Semen bila terkena air akan berubah menjadi keras seperti batu. Oleh karena itu sangat perlu diperhatikan perbandingan antara air dan semen atau faktor air semennya, karena faktor f.a.s ini akan berpengaruh terhadap kekuatan beton. Bila kurang semen dan terlalu banyak air akan menyebabkan segregration dan bleeding, selain itu perbandingan yang tepat antara semen dan air akan berpengaruh dalam kemudahan pekerjaan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="SV">1.2.2.4 Sifat fisik semen<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV">Sifat fisik dari semen adalah bahan berbutir halus yang lolos ayakan 2 µm dan mempunyai berat jenis antara 3 sampai 3,15 gr/cm<sup>3</sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="SV">1.2.2.5 Sifat kimia semen<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV">Semen mengandung C<sub>3</sub>S dan C<sub>2</sub>S sebesar 70% sampai dengan 80%. Unsur- unsur ini merupakan unsur paling dominan dalam memberikan sifat semen. C<sub>3</sub>S segera mulai berhidrasi bila semen terkena air secara eksotermis. Berpengaruh besar terhadap pengerasan semen terutama sebelum mencapai umur 14 hari. Membutuhkan air 24 % dari beratnya. C<sub>2</sub>S bereaksi dengan air lebih lambat dan hanya berpengaruh terhadap pengerasan semen setelah 7 hari dan memberikan kekuatan akhir. </span><span style="" lang="FI">Unsur ini membuat semen tahan terhadap serangan kimia dan mengurangi penyusutan karena pengeringan. Membutuhkan air 21% dari beratnya. C<sub>3</sub>A berhidrasi secara eksotermis, bereaksi secara cepat dan memberikan kekuatan sesudah 24 jam. </span><span style="" lang="SV">Membutuhkan air 40% dari beratnya. Semen yang mengandung unsur ini lebih dari 10% kurang tahan terhadap serangan sulfat. </span>C<sub>4</sub>AF kurang begitu besar pengaruhnya terhadap pengerasan beton. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b style="">1.2.3. Jenis-Jenis Semen<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Dalam pedoman beto 1989 disyaratkan bahwa semen portland untuk pembuatan beton harus merupakan jenis-jenis yang memenuhi syarat-syarat SII 0013-81”Mutu dan uji semen” yang klasifikasinya tertera pada tabel dibawah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;" lang="EN-GB">Tabel 1.4</span><span style="color: windowtext;" lang="EN-GB"> Jenis-jenis Semen Portland<o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="552"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 204, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 92.15pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" width="123"> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="color: windowtext;" lang="EN-GB">Jenis Semen<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(204, 204, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 321.85pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" width="429"> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="color: windowtext;" lang="EN-GB">Karateristik Umum<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;" lang="EN-GB">Jenis I<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 321.85pt;" valign="top" width="429"> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;" lang="EN-GB">Semen <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">portland</st1:place></st1:City> yang digunakan untuk tujuan umum.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;" lang="EN-GB">Jenis II<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 321.85pt;" valign="top" width="429"> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Semen portland yang penggunaannya memerlukan ketahanan terhadap sulfat dan panas hidrasi sedang.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;" lang="EN-GB">Jenis III<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 321.85pt;" valign="top" width="429"> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Semen portland yang penggunaannya memerlukan persyaratan awal yang tinggi setelah pengikatan terjadi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;" lang="EN-GB">Jenis IV<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 321.85pt;" valign="top" width="429"> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Semen portland yang dalam penggunaannya menuntut panas hidrasi yang rendah<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;" lang="EN-GB">Jenis V<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 321.85pt;" valign="top" width="429"> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Semen portland yang dalam<span style=""> </span>penggunaannya menuntut ketahanan yang kuat terhadap sulfat.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV">Sumber : Teknologi Beton</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="IN">; </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV">Kardiyono Tjokrodimulyoo. 1994</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><i style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="SV">1.2.</span></b><b style=""><span style="" lang="SV">4 Pembuatan semen<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Semen dibedakan dalam dua kelompok utama, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="" lang="SV"><span style="">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="" lang="SV">Semen dari bahan klinker-semen-portland <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Semen portland</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Semen portland abu terbang</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Semen tanur tinggi</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Semen portland tras/puzzolan</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Semen <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">portland</st1:place></st1:City> putih</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Semen-semen lain:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Aluminium semen</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Semen bersulfat</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="FI">Reaksi-reaksi yang terjadi pada waktu proses pembuatan semen adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="FI">a.<span style=""> </span>Batu kapur<span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span>CaO + CO<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="FI"><span style=""> </span>kapur<span style=""> </span>karbondioksida<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="FI">Lempung<span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span>SiO2<sub>2</sub> + Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="FI"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>silika<span style=""> </span>alumina oksida besi air<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1026" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251653632'" from="99.6pt,5.75pt" to="128pt,5.75pt" allowincell="f"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 251653632; left: 0px; margin-left: 132px; margin-top: 2px; width: 41px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ACER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1026" height="12" width="41" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="" lang="FI">b.<span style=""> </span>3CaO + SiO<sub>2<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></sub>3CaO.SiO<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="FI"><span style=""> </span>trikalsium silikat (C<sub>3</sub>S)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1027" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251654656'" from="99.6pt,6.95pt" to="128pt,6.95pt" allowincell="f"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 251654656; left: 0px; margin-left: 132px; margin-top: 3px; width: 41px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ACER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1027" height="12" width="41" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="" lang="FI"><span style=""> </span>2CaO + SiO<sub>2</sub><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>2CaO.SiO<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="FI"><span style=""> </span>dikalsium silikat (C<sub>2</sub>S)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1028" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251655680'" from="99.6pt,7.3pt" to="135.1pt,7.3pt" allowincell="f"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 251655680; left: 0px; margin-left: 132px; margin-top: 4px; width: 50px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ACER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1028" height="12" width="50" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="" lang="FI"><span style=""> </span>3CaO + Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><span style=""> </span>3CaO.Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="FI"><span style=""> </span>trikalsium aluminat (C<sub>3</sub>A)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1029" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251656704'" from="142.2pt,8.5pt" to="163.5pt,8.5pt" allowincell="f"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 251656704; left: 0px; margin-left: 189px; margin-top: 5px; width: 31px; height: 12px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ACER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1029" height="12" width="31" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="" lang="FI"><span style=""> </span>3CaO + Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><span style=""> </span>3CaO.Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3.</sub>.Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><sub><span style="" lang="FI"><span style=""> </span></span></sub>tetrakalsium aluminoferit (C<sub>4</sub>AF)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">1.3.<span style=""> </span>Agregat Halus<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b>1.3.1.<span style=""> </span>Pengertian agregat halus<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Agregat halus dalam beton adalah pasir alam sebagai hasil disintegrasi alami dari batu-batuan atau berupa pasir buatan yang dihasilkan oleh pemecah batu. </span><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Agregat halus berperan penting sebagai pembentuk beton dalam pengendalian <i style="">workability</i>, kekuatan dan keawetan beton, oleh karena itu pemakaian pasir sebagai pembentuk beton harus dilakukan secara selektif.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">1.3.2. Syarat agregat halus<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 140%;"><span style="line-height: 140%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Syarat agregat halus yang dipakai sebagai campuran beton menurut Peraturan Beton <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Indonesia</st1:country-region></st1:place> 1971 SNI–2 :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 140%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 140%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 140%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Agregat halus atau pasir harus terdiri dari butir-butir yang tajam dan keras. Butir-butir agregat halus harus bersifat kekal artinya tidak pecah atau hancur oleh pengaruh cuaca, seperti terik matahari atau hujan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 140%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 140%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 140%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Agregat halus tidak boleh mengandung lumpur lebih dari 5% (ditentukan terhadap berat kering). Apabila kadar lumpur melampaui 5% (ditentukan terhadap berat kering) maka agregat halus harus dicuci.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 140%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 140%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 140%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Agregat halus harus terdiri dari butir-butir yang beraneka ragam besarnya dan apabila diayak harus memenuhi syarat-syarat sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 140%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 140%; font-family: Symbol; color: windowtext;" lang="FI"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 140%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI">Sisa diatas ayakan 4 mm harus minimum 2% berat.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 140%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 140%; font-family: Symbol; color: windowtext;" lang="FI"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 140%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI">Sisa diatas ayakan 1 mm harus minimum 10% berat.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 140%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 140%; font-family: Symbol; color: windowtext;" lang="FI"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 140%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI">Sisa diatas ayakan 0.25 mm harus berkisar 80%-95% berat.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI"><span style="">d.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI">Pasir laut tidak boleh dipakai sebagai agregat halus untuk semua mutu beton, kecuali dengan petunjuk-petunjuk dari lembaga pemeriksaan bahan yang diakui.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -54pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><span style="">e.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Persyaratan gradasi untuk agregat halus<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Tabel 1.5 Persyaratan gradasi agregat halus </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV">SK-SNI-T-15-1990-03</span><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="552"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Ukuran saringan (mm) <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Prosentase lolos saringan<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72pt;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Daerah 1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72pt;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Daerah 2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Daerah 3<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 11.25pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Daerah 4<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">10,00<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">4,80<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">2,40<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">1,20<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">0,60<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">0,30<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">0,15<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72pt;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">100<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">90-100<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">60-95<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">30-70<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">15-34<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">5-20<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">0-10<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72pt;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">100<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">90-100<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">75-100<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">55-90<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">35-59<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">8-30<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">0-10<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">100<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">90-100<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">85-100<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">75-100<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">60-79<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">12-40<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">0-10<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">100<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">95-100<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">95-100<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">90-100<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">80-100<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">15-50<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">0-15<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV">Sumber : Teknologi Beton</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="IN">; </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV">Kardiyono Tjokrodimulyoo. 1994</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Keterangan:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Daerah I<span style=""> </span>: pasir kasar<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Daerah II<span style=""> </span>: pasir agak kasar<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Daerah III<span style=""> </span>: pasir agak halus<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Daerah IV<span style=""> </span>: pasir halus<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI">Beberapa pemeriksaan untuk mendapatkan kondisi agregat halus yang memenuhi standar antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Pemeriksaan kadar lumpur sesuai dengan British Standard dengan kadar lumpur maksimum 5%.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV"><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="SV">Pemeriksaan kadar kotoran organik sesuai dengan British Standard dengan ketentuan warna larutan harus lebih muda no 3 standar organik plate.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;"><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;">Pemeriksaan <i style="">specific gravity</i> dan absorbsi air pada pasir sesuai dengan standar British Standard.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI"><span style="">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI">Pemeriksaan analisa saringan sesuai dengan British Standard.<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext;" lang="FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <h6 style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -27pt; line-height: 200%;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; color: windowtext;">1.4. Agregat Kasar<o:p></o:p></span></h6> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b style="">1.4.1. Pengertian agregat kasar<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Agregat kasar dalam beton dapat berupa kerikil sebagai hasil disintegrasi alam dari batuan atau batuan pecah yang diperoleh dari pemecahan batu. <span style="" lang="SV">Pada umumnya yang dimaksud dengan agregat kasar adalah agregat dengan butiran lebih dari 5 mm. Untuk memilih agregat yang digunakan sebagai campuran beton ditentukan dari mutu, jenis konstruksi dan ketersediaan bahan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b style="">1.4.2. Syarat agregat kasar<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV">Menurut PBI 1971 (NI-2) pasal 3.4 Syarat agregat kasar yang akan dipakai sebagai bahan campuran beton :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="" lang="SV"><span style="">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="" lang="SV">Agregat kasar harus terdiri dari butiran-butiran yang keras dan tidak berpori. Agregat kasar yang mengandung butiran-butiran pipih hanya boleh dipakai apabila jumlah butiran-butiran pipih tidak melampaui 20% dari berat agregat seluruhnya. Butiran-butiran agregat kasar harus bersifat kekal, artinya tidak pecah atau hancur oleh cuaca seperti terik matahari atau hujan. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV">b. Agregat kasar tidak boleh mengandung lumpur lebih dari 1% (ditentukan terhadap berat kering). Yang dimaksud dengan lumpur adalah bagian-bagian yang dapat melampaui ayakan 0.063. Apabila kadar lumpur melampaui dari 1% (ditentukan terhadap berat keri</span>Tatang Kukuh Wibawahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13085633472349032453noreply@blogger.com6